Original Article. A Comparison of BalloonExpandableStent Implantation with Balloon Angioplasty in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Patrick W. Serruys, Peter. Human brain Wikipedia. This article is about the human brain. For information about brains in other animals, see Brain. The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system. Human Physiology And Mechanisms Of Disease Guyton Pdf Download' title='Human Physiology And Mechanisms Of Disease Guyton Pdf Download' />The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system. The brain consists of the cerebrum. The brain consists of the cerebrum, the brainstem and the cerebellum. It controls most of the activities of the body, processing, integrating, and coordinating the information it receives from the sense organs, and making decisions as to the instructions sent to the rest of the body. The brain is contained in, and protected by, the skull bones of the head. I/51yOw7CSIpS.png' alt='Human Physiology And Mechanisms Of Disease Guyton Pdf Download' title='Human Physiology And Mechanisms Of Disease Guyton Pdf Download' />The cerebrum is the largest part of the human brain. It is divided into two cerebral hemispheres. The cerebral cortex is an outer layer of grey matter, covering the core of white matter. The cortex is split into the neocortex and the much smaller allocortex. The neocortex is made up of six neuronal layers, while the allocortex has three or four. Each hemisphere is conventionally divided into four lobes the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. The frontal lobe is associated with executive functions including self control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought, while the occipital lobe is dedicated to vision. Within each lobe, cortical areas are associated with specific functions, such as the sensory, motor and association regions. Although the left and right hemispheres are broadly similar in shape and function, some functions are associated with one side, such as language in the left and visual spatial ability in the right. The hemispheres are connected by nerve tracts, the largest being the corpus callosum. The cerebrum is connected by the brainstem to the spinal cord. The brainstem consists of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem by pairs of tracts. Within the cerebrum is the ventricular system, consisting of four interconnected ventricles in which cerebrospinal fluid is produced and circulated. Underneath the cerebral cortex are several important structures, including the thalamus, the epithalamus, the pineal gland, the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the subthalamus the limbic structures, including the amygdala and the hippocampus the claustrum, the various nuclei of the basal ganglia the basal forebrain structures, and the three circumventricular organs. The cells of the brain include neurons and supportive glial cells. There are more than 8. Original Article. Effects on Blood Pressure of Reduced Dietary Sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension DASH Diet. Frank M. Sacks, M. D., Laura P. Brain activity is made possible by the interconnections of neurons and their release of neurotransmitters in response to nerve impulses. Neurons form elaborate neural networks of neural pathways and circuits. The whole circuitry is driven by the process of neurotransmission. The brain is protected by the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the bloodbrain barrier. However, the brain is still susceptible to damage, disease, and infection. Download Free Antivirus 2009 Full Version. Damage can be caused by trauma, or a loss of blood supply known as a stroke. The brain is susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinsons disease, dementias including Alzheimers disease, and multiple sclerosis. Psychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions. The brain can also be the site of tumours, both benign and malignant these mostly originate from other sites in the body. The study of the anatomy of the brain is neuroanatomy, while the study of its function is neuroscience. A number of techniques are used to study the brain. Specimens from other animals, which may be examined microscopically, have traditionally provided much information. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging, and electroencephalography EEG recordings are important in studying the brain. The medical history of people with brain injury has provided insight into the function of each part of the brain. In culture, the philosophy of mind has for centuries attempted to address the question of the nature of consciousness and the mind body problem. The pseudoscience of phrenology attempted to localise personality attributes to regions of the cortex in the 1. In science fiction, brain transplants are imagined in tales such as the 1. Donovans Brain. StructureeditGross anatomyeditThe adult human brain weighs on average about 1. Neurological differences between the sexes have not been shown to correlate in any simple way with IQ or other measures of cognitive performance. The cerebrum, consisting of the cerebral hemispheres, forms the largest part of the brain and is situated above the other brain structures. The outer region of the hemispheres, the cerebral cortex, is grey matter, consisting of cortical layers of neurons. Each hemisphere is divided into four main lobes. The brainstem, resembling a stalk, attaches to and leaves the cerebrum at the start of the midbrain area. The brainstem includes the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. Behind the brainstem is the cerebellum Latin little brain. The cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord are covered by three membranes called meninges. The membranes are the tough dura mater the middle arachnoid mater and the more delicate inner pia mater. Between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater is the subarachnoid space, which contains the cerebrospinal fluid. In the cerebral cortex, close to the basement membrane of the pia mater, is a limiting membrane called the glia limitans this is the outermost membrane of the cortex. The living brain is very soft, having a gel like consistency similar to soft tofu. The cortical layers of neurons constitute much of the brains grey matter, while the deeper subcortical regions of myelinated axons, make up the white matter. Structural and functional areas of the human brain. Human brain bisected in the sagittal plane, showing the white matter of the corpus callosum. Functional areas of the human brain. Cerebrumedit. Major gyri and sulci on the lateral surface of the cortex. The cerebrum is the largest part of the human brain, and is divided into nearly symmetrical left and right hemispheres by a deep groove, the longitudinal fissure. The outer part of the cerebrum is the cerebral cortex, made up of grey matter arranged in layers. It is 2 to 4 millimetres 0. Beneath the cortex is the white matter of the brain. The largest part of the cerebral cortex is the neocortex, which has six neuronal layers. The rest of the cortex is of allocortex, which has three or four layers. The hemispheres are connected by five commissures that span the longitudinal fissure, the largest of these is the corpus callosum. The surface of the brain is folded into ridges gyri and grooves sulci, many of which are named, usually according to their position, such as the frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe or the central sulcus separating the central regions of the hemispheres. There are many small variations in the secondary and tertiary folds. Each hemisphere is conventionally divided into four lobes the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe, named according to the skull bones that overlie them. Each lobe is associated with one or two specialised functions though there is some functional overlap between them. The cortex is mapped by divisions into about fifty different functional areas known as Brodmanns areas. These areas are distinctly different when seen under a microscope.